New Delhi: Cervical cancer is a significant health concern in India, contributing to a substantial percentage of cancer cases among women. Studies published in the Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology indicate that cervical cancer accounts for approximately 6–29% of all cancers in Indian women. This type of cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina, and is primarily linked to persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Dr. Gowri Kulkarni, Head of Medical Operations, MediBuddy, said, “Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in India, yet it is highly preventable and treatable when detected early. Common symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge, pelvic pain, or discomfort during intercourse, though many cases may show no symptoms in the initial stages. Some key risk factors include infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, a weakened immune system, and inadequate access to regular screenings. Early detection through Pap smears and HPV tests plays a crucial role, as timely diagnosis allows for effective treatment and significantly improves the chances of a complete cure.”
Below are five essential screening tests for cervical cancer that every woman should know about.
- Pap Smear Test: One of the most commonly used methods for early detection of cervical cancer is the Pap smear test, also known as the Pap test or Papanicolaou test. This simple and painless procedure involves collecting cells from the cervix, which are then examined under a microscope for any abnormalities. By identifying precancerous changes early, the Pap smear provides an opportunity for timely treatment to prevent cancer from developing. Women are advised to begin Pap smear testing at the age of 21 and to repeat it every three years until the age of 65. This test is both cost-effective and widely available, making it a crucial tool in cervical cancer prevention in India.
- HPV DNA Test: Another vital screening method is the HPV DNA test, which detects high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus. HPV is a significant cause of cervical cancer, and this test can identify the virus even before cellular changes occur. Women above the age of 30 or those with abnormal Pap smear results are often advised to undergo HPV DNA testing. When combined with a Pap smear, this test is recommended every five years, offering a reliable way to assess cervical cancer risk. Early detection of HPV can lead to preventive measures, drastically reducing the chances of cancer development.
- Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA): For regions with limited access to laboratory facilities, the Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid test is an effective alternative. In this procedure, a diluted acetic acid solution is applied to the cervix, and any abnormal areas turn white when observed under a magnifying device. VIA is particularly suitable for low-resource settings because it is inexpensive and provides immediate results. This makes it a valuable screening tool in rural and underserved areas of India, where healthcare infrastructure may be limited.
- Visual Inspection with Lugol’s Iodine (VILI): Visual Inspection with Lugol’s Iodine is another cost-effective screening method, similar to VIA. In this procedure, Lugol’s iodine is applied to the cervix, and areas that do not absorb the iodine appear yellow, indicating potential abnormalities. VILI is particularly useful in low-resource settings because it provides immediate results without the need for laboratory equipment. Its simplicity and affordability make it a practical choice for cervical cancer screening.
- Liquid-Based Cytology (LBC): A more advanced screening option is Liquid-Based Cytology, which is similar to the Pap smear but offers enhanced accuracy. In LBC, cervical cells are collected in a liquid medium, which helps eliminate obscuring factors and provides clearer test results. This method not only detects precancerous cells but also identifies infections that could lead to complications. While currently more accessible in urban centres, LBC is gaining traction as a preferred choice for comprehensive cervical screening.
Regular screening is crucial for every woman, regardless of socioeconomic status, as it enables early detection and effective treatment. The government and various NGOs now offer free or low-cost screening programs in many areas. While screening is vital, vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly effective way to prevent cervical cancer altogether. HPV vaccination, recommended for girls and young women, protects against the high-risk strains of the virus most commonly associated with cervical cancer. Despite cultural barriers and social taboos, prioritizing both vaccination and regular screenings can significantly reduce the risk and save countless lives.
Women should consult healthcare providers to determine which screening methods are most appropriate based on their age, risk factors, and local healthcare resources. Cervical cancer is highly preventable and treatable if caught early. By spreading awareness about these screening options and encouraging regular check-ups, we can work towards reducing the burden of cervical cancer across India, from urban centres to remote villages. Early detection not only saves lives but also reduces the financial and emotional burden on families and the healthcare system.
Pap smear test is often seen as the only procedure that can help with cervical cancer diagnosis. However, there are other tests as well that can do the trick. Health News Health News: Latest News from Health Care, Mental Health, Weight Loss, Disease, Nutrition, Healthcare
